Linear or Extrinsic programming

Skinner and his associates are the originators of the linear type of programme. Questions are asked directly and the learner is asked to think and write down his response. Such a response is referred to a 'constructed response' A linear programme is called a straight line programme as the learner starts from his initial behavior to the terminal behavior following a straight line. The learner proceeds from one frame to the next until he completes the programme.

Subject matter is broken down into very small steps and each step is presented in proper sequence. The responses of the learner are immediately reinforced in the succeeding frames. In each frame a small amount of information will be presented and the learner will be required to make an active response. Positive reinforcement or feedback is given and prompts or cues are provided to enhance the probability of correct responses and eliminate or diminish errors.

Feature of Linear style of programming

• Every learner follows the same path 
• Programme is composed of small steps. 
• Each frame is small and carries a single idea, example or rule.
• Only one response is required
• Prompts or cues are given to minimize errors and are generally withdrawn towards the end.
• Every learner works at his own speed. Apply the principle of branching, we get another programme called skip linear programme.
• Feedback or reinforcement is quick. Immediate knowledge of results act as a reinforcement and maintains motivation
• Cheating is discouraged by not revealing the answer until the learner has registered his response.

When to use Linear Programming

 The following are the occasions when L.P may be used     

• When the programmer thinks that the leaner cannot digest a large chunk of materials.
• When the programmer thinks that the concept or skills are important to be completely mastered.
• When the learners have more or less the same entering behaviour.
• When change is provided empirically that the very nature of the content demands linear format.

Related :

Programmed Instruction
Branched or Intrinsic Programming
Mathetics
Advantages and Limitations of Programmed Instruction